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Exaction

Johns2re — Fri, 02 Oct 2009 13:15:57 GMT

Summary:

An exaction is the action of demanding and obtaining a payment or service from someone.

Cackalacky Wrapper

NCMultifamily-19377 — Tue, 02 Sep 2008 17:03:54 GMT

Summary:

A common North Carolina term for a ''Wrapper''.

Wrapper

NCMultifamily-19377 — Tue, 02 Sep 2008 17:01:47 GMT

Summary:

An alternate term for a ''Texas Doughnut'' or ''Texas Wrap'', common in the Carolinas.

Sign code shakedown

Dan — Tue, 19 Feb 2008 02:17:48 GMT

Summary:

The '''sign code shakedown''' or '''billboard shakedown''' is a scheme used by billboard companies to strike down the entirety of municipal sign regulations, with the intent of forcing subject communities to accept billboards that would otherwise not be allowed.

The industry's litigation strategy has been described this way:

''The [billboard] plaintiffs in these cases have followed the same script: negotiate leases with private property owners in a jurisdiction with outdated sign regulations; apply for multiple billboard permits, knowing that they will be denied due to noncompliance with the regulations; immediately sue the agency to invalidate the ordinance on unrelated grounds based on precedent from other federal circuits and non-sign law cases; and, finally, attempt to convince the court to order issuance of permits for billboards in otherwise prohibited or restricted locations, or negotiate a similar deal with the victim agency in exchange for a waiver of an attorney's fees claim.'' (Donald M. David, "Avoiding the Sign Code Shakedown: A Checklist of Basic Provisions," 27 Public Law Journal No. 1, published by the State and Local Government Section of the State Bar of California, Winter 2004.)

==See also==

*[[Billboard]]
*[[Sign regulations]]

==External links==

*[http://www.planning.org/amicusbriefs/ American Planning Assocication: Amicus Curae briefs]
*[http://www.planning.org/thecommissioner/Fall06/billboards.htm American Planning Association: The Commissioner]
*[http://www.njslom.org/ml102507b.html New Jersey League of Municipalities: Sign Code Shakedown].
*[http://www.calbar.ca.gov/calbar/pdfs/sections/public/public-law-journal_vol-27-No-1_winter-2004.pdf California Public Law Journal: Avoiding the Sign Code Shakedown (.pdf)].

[[Category:Zoning and land use regulation]] [[Category:Signs]]

Liner building

Dan — Fri, 08 Feb 2008 14:33:19 GMT

Summary:

A liner building is a specialized building, parallel to the street, which is designed to conceal an area such as a parking lot or loading dock. While liner buildings may include commercial or residential uses, their limited depth (from front to back) makes them more disposed to residential use.

Most liner buildings are around 12 meters (40 feet) in depth. Liner buildings are typically simple and work well with “loft” or “industrial” architectural expression. Liner buildings may be up to five stories tall, but should be as tall as is required to serve their purpose of screening. Liner buildings must be constructed at grade if the ground floor is designed for commercial use. They should be slightly elevated above grade if the ground floor is designed for residential uses.

Entrances to liner buildings may be in the form of a common lobby or in the form of private front doors to access ground level units. Retail spaces at the ground floor should be entered directly from the outside rather than from a lobby.

Liner buildings may have a small common front yard, but do not include individual private outdoor spaces.

==Origin==

==Examples==

==See also==

[[Texas donut]]

[[Category:Planning terminology]]
[[Category:Urban design]]

Boomburb

Dan — Wed, 30 Jan 2008 16:14:23 GMT

Summary:

'''Boomburb''' is a neologism for a large, rapidly growing city that remains essentially suburban in character even as it reaches populations more typical of urban core cities. Like ''[[edge city]]'', an older and more widely accepted term, it describes a relatively recent phenomenon in North America.

== Definition ==

Boomburbs are defined as places with more than 100,000 residents that are not the largest city in their metropolitan areas and have maintained double-digit rates of population growth over consecutive censuses. As of the 2000 Census, the United States contained 54 boomburbs, which accounted for over half (51%) of the 1990s growth in cities with between 100,000 and 400,000 residents. The boomburbs listed below are based on the populations of cities determined by and definitions of metropolitan areas used in the 2000 Census.

Boomburbs occur mostly in the Southwest, with almost half in California alone. Many boomburbs, especially in the West, are products of master-planned community development and the need to form large water districts. Las Vegas, with its expansive master-planned communities and desert surroundings, contains two boomburbs. By contrast, few boomburbs in the United States are east of the Colorado Front Range and north of Texas and Florida. The only such communities in that large section of the country are two in Chicago metropolitan area, one in the Kansas City area, and one in the Hampton Roads area of Virginia. Even large and rapidly growing Sunbelt metropolitan areas east of the Mississippi, such as Atlanta, lack boomburbs because suburban growth has occurred largely in unincorporated areas or in dozens of small municipalities.

Communities in New York state that have many traits of boomburbs, such as Hempstead (outside of New York City) and Amherst (outside of Buffalo), are usually not included in lists of boomburbs, because they are legally towns, not incorporated cities.

The boomburb phenomenon can also be observed in Canada, in the Greater Toronto Area and the Lower Mainland of British Columbia. These areas, centered on Toronto and Vancouver, are among the fastest-growing in the country. Two other areas experiencing major growth, the Calgary and Edmonton areas, lack boomburbs because much of the growth has occurred within the respective city limits. For the Canadian cities, the 2006 Census applies.

== Examples ==
===United States===

====Arizona====
*Phoenix region: Chandler, Gilbert, Glendale, Mesa, Peoria, Scottsdale, Tempe

====California====
*Los Angeles region: Anaheim, Corona, Costa Mesa, Downey, Fontana, Fullerton, Irvine, Lancaster, Moreno Valley, Ontario, Orange, Oxnard, Palmdale, Rancho Cucamonga, Riverside, San Bernardino, Santa Ana, Santa Clarita, Simi Valley, Thousand Oaks
*Sacramento region: Roseville
*San Francisco Bay Area: Antioch, Daly City, Fremont, Hayward, Santa Rosa, Sunnyvale
*San Diego region: Chula Vista, Escondido, Oceanside

====Colorado====
* Denver region: Aurora, Lakewood, Thornton

====Florida====
*Fort Myers region: Cape Coral
*Fort Pierce region: Port St. Lucie
*Miami region: Coral Springs, Hialeah, Hollywood, Miami Gardens, Miramar, Pembroke Pines
*Tampa Bay region: Clearwater

====Illinois====
*Chicago region: Aurora, Elgin, Joliet, Naperville

====Kansas/Missouri====
*Kansas City region: Independence, Olathe, Overland Park

====Michigan====
*Detroit region: Livonia, Sterling Heights, Warren

====Nevada====
*Las Vegas region: Henderson, North Las Vegas

====North Carolina====
*Raleigh/Durham region: Cary

====Texas====
*Dallas/Ft. Worth region: Arlington, Carrollton, Denton, Frisco, Garland, Grand Prairie, Irving, McKinney, Mesquite, Plano
*Houston region: Pasadena, Pearland, Sugar Land
*Austin region: Round Rock

====Utah====
*Salt Lake City region: West Valley City

====Virginia====
*Hampton Roads region: Chesapeake, Virginia Beach

====Washington====
*Seattle region: Bellevue
*Portland, Oregon region: Vancouver

===Canada===

====British Columbia====
*Vancouver region: Burnaby, Coquitlam, Richmond, Surrey

====Ontario====
*Toronto region: Brampton, Burlington, Cambridge, Markham, Mississauga, Oakville, Richmond Hill, Vaughan, Whitby

====Quebec====
*Montreal region: Laval, Longueuil

== References ==
*Lang, Robert E. and Jennifer B. LeFurgy (2007). ''Boomburbs: The Rise of America's Accidental Cities''. Brookings Institution Press.
*Lang, Robert and Patrick Simmons (2001). "Boomburbs: The Emergence of Large, Fast-Growing Suburban Cities in the United States." Fannie Mae Foundation Census Note 06.
*Lang, Robert (2003). "Are the Boomburbs Still Booming?" Fannie Mae Foundation Census Note 15.
*Knox, Paul and Linda McCarthy (2005). ''Urbanization: An Introduction to Urban Geography''. Pearson/Prentice Hall. Second Edition. pp. 163, 164, 560.
*Hayden, Dolores (2004). ''A Field Guide to Sprawl''. W.W. Norton & Company. pp. 26-27, 118.

==See also==

==External links ==

[[Category:Planning terminology]]

Texas doughnut

Dan — Wed, 16 Jan 2008 14:52:15 GMT

Summary: /* Examples */

A ''Texas Doughnut'' or ''Texas Donut'' is a building or group of buildings, often multi-family residential, that wraps around or encircles a multi-story parking garage.

A Texas Doughnut has the benefit of maintaining an urban streetscape while providing suburban parking ratios. In an urban setting, a disadvantage to a Texas Doughnut-style development is that its abundant parking could continue to encourage people to drive.

==Origin==

==Examples==

Multi-family development in Tampa, Florida USA

[[Image:Texas_donut.jpg]]

==See also==

[[Category:Planning terminology]]

Laws of the Indies

Dan — Thu, 25 Oct 2007 20:03:36 GMT

Summary: /* History */

The Laws of the Indies (Leyes de Indias in Spanish) are a set of guidelines signed by King Phillip II of Spain to instruct Spanish colonists on how to create and expand towns in Spanish America. They codified the city planning process and represented some of the first attempts at a general plan. The last revision of the growing text was signed in 1573 and published in 1681 with the addition of the design guidelines for colonists. These laws were heavily influenced by Vitruvius' Ten Books of Architecture and Alberti's treatises on the subject.

==History==

In the New World, with Native Americans (Indians) all around them, the colonists did not know where or how to build communities in which to live. To assist in the establishment of presidios (military towns), missions, and pueblos (civilian towns), King Phillip II developed the Laws of the Indies, a comprehensive guide comprising of 148 ordinances to aid colonists in locating, building, and populating settlements. Signed in 1573, the Laws of the Indies are seen as the first wide-ranging guidelines towards design and development of communities. It also incorporated the ban against "New Christians"[1] on settling in the Americas.

The Laws of the Indies are a revisitation of a document to regulate Indian contact with Spaniards. The Laws of Burgos (1512), signed by King Ferdinand II of Aragon, focused upon the welfare of the conquered Native Americans. It was revised into the New Laws of the Indies (1542) by Charles I and quickly revised again, after resistance was met from colonists, in 1552. The current and last known revision was decreed in 1573 and published in 1681, when it included the Ordinances Concerning Discoveries. In the final Ordinances, any unauthorized operations against Native Americans were forbidden.[2] Also in the last edition, the Ordinances Concerning Discoveries, examples and explanations could be found on how to set up, both physically and logistically, a colonial town.

After Northern Spanish colonies became a part of the United States, the Laws became influential to other later documents. “The [Laws of the] Indies were influential in subsequent regulations guiding development in the United States, particularly the 1785 Land Ordinance, which introduced the mile square grid, townships and sections as organizing devices.”[3].

==About the Laws==

In the final edition of The Laws of the Indies, plans were set forth for settlers in high detail on every facet of creating a community. These regulations are included in a body of 143 others (totaling 148) configuring any settlement according to the rule of Spain and its colonies. This continued as a precedent in all towns of Spanish control until the relinquishing of the land to others, as in the case of the American colonies and their growth; however, the Laws of the Indies still serve as an example to design guidelines for communities today.

The Laws, translated from Spanish into English, are as follows:

''ORDINANCES FOR THE DISCOVERY, THE POPULATION AND THE PACIFICATION OF THE INDIES

Don Felipe etc.- To the Viceroys, presidents, audiencias and governors of our new Indies and to all those others concerned let it be known: That in order that the discoveries and new settlements and pacification of the land and provinces that are to be discovered, settled, and pacified in the Indies be done with greater facility and in accordance with the service to God Our Lord, and for the welfare of the natives, among other things, we have prepared the following ordinances.

1. No person, regardless of state or condition, should, on his own authority make a new discovery by sea or land, or enter a new settlement or hamlet in areas already discovered. If he were found without our license and approval or by those who had our power to give it, he would face a death penalty and loss of all his possessions to our coffers. And, we order to all our viceroys , audiencias, and governors and other justices of the Indies, that they give no license to make new discoveries without previous consultation with us and only after having obtained our permission; but we do consent that in areas already discovered, they can give license to build towns as necessary, adhering to the order that in so doing they must keep to the laws of February regarding settlements in discovered lands, [and] then they should send us a description.

2. Those who are in charge of governing the Indies, whether spiritually or temporally, should inform themselves diligently whether within their districts, including lands and provinces bordering them, there is something to be discovered and pacified, of the wealth and quality, [and] of the peoples and nations who inhabit there; but do this without sending to them war personnel nor persons who can cause scandal. They [the governors] should inform themselves by the best means available; and likewise, they should obtain information on the persons who are best suited to carry out discoveries - and with those who are best fit for this purpose, they [the governors] should inform themselves by the best means available; and likewise, they should obtain information on the persons who are best suited to carry out discoveries -and with those who are best fit for this purpose, they [the governors] should confer and make arrangements, offering them the honors and advantages that justly, without injury to the natives, can be given them -and- before carrying out what has been arranged or has been learned, give narratives to the viceroy and the audiencias and also send them to the Council, which, after looking at the case, will issue a license to proceed with the discovery, which should be carried out in the following order:

3. Having made, within the confines of the province, a discovery by land, pacified it, [and] subjected it to our obedience, find an appropriate site to be settled by Spaniards- and if not, [arrange] for the vassal Indians so they be secure.

4. If the boundaries of the settlement are populated, utilizing commerce and ransom, go with vassal Indians and interpreters to discover those lands, and with churchmen and Spaniards, carrying offerings and ransoms and peace, try to learn about the place, the contents and quality of the land, the nation(s) to which the people there belong, who governs them, and carefully take note of all you can learn and understand, and always send these narratives to the Governor so that they reach the Council [Consejo de Indias].

5. Look carefully at the places and ports where it might be possible to build Spanish settlements without damage to the Indian population.

6-12. (These ordinances provide guidelines for discoveries that are made by sea.)

13. Persons who participate in discoveries, whether by land or by sea, should take possession, in our name, of all lands and provinces they might reach and, upon setting foot on to land, perform the necessary ceremonies and writs, thus providing public evidence and faithful testimony.

14. Once the discoverers arrive at newly discovered provinces or lands, together with the officials, they should name each land, each province, and the mountains and principal rivers they might encounter as well as the settlements and towns they might find or that they may begin.

15-31. (These ordinances instruct the Spaniards on the formal issues of encountering, greeting, teaching, and punishing the native Indian population.)

City Planning Ordinances

32. Before discoveries are duly recognized, no new population settlements are permitted, whether in the discovered areas or in those still to be discovered, but in those parts which are already discovered, pacified, and subjected to our mandate, population settlements, both of Spaniards and of Indians, should be ordered having permanence and giving perpetuity to both groups as specified in the fourth and fifth books [of the Laws of the Indies], especially in those parts dealing with population settlements and with land allotments.

33. Having populated and settled the newly discovered area, pacified it, and subjected it to our mandate, efforts should be made to discover and populate adjacent areas that are being discovered for the first time.

34. In order to populate those areas that are already discovered, pacified, and under our mandate, as well as areas that might be discovered and pacified in the course of time, the following sequence should be adhered to: choose the province, county, and place that will be settled, taking into consideration the health of the area, which will known from the abundance of old men or of young men of good complexion, natural fitness and color, and without illness; and in the abundance of healthy animals of sufficient size, and of healthy fruits and fields where no toxic and noxious things are grown, but that it be good climate, the sky clear and benign, the air pure and soft, without impediment or alterations and of good temperature, without excessive heat or cold, and having to decide, it is better that it be cold.

35. And they should be in fertile areas with an abundance of fruits and fields, of good land to plant and harvest, of grasslands to grow livestock, of mountains and forests for wood and building materials for homes and edifices, and of good and plentiful water supply for drinking and irrigation.

36. And that they should be populated by Indians and natives to whom we can preach the gospels since this is the principal objective for which we mandate that these discoveries and settlements be made.

37. And they should have good access and outlet by sea and by land, and also good roads and passage by water, in order that they may be entered and departed easily with commerce, while bringing relief and establishing defenses.

38. Once the region, province, county, and land are decided upon by the expert discoverers, select the site to build a town and capital of the province and its subjects, without harm to the Indians for having occupied the area or because they agree to it of good will.

39. The site and position of the towns should be selected in places where water is nearby and where it would be possible to demolish neighboring towns and properties in order to take advantage of the materials that are essential for building; and, [these sites and positions should be suitable] also for farming, cultivation, and pasturation, so as to avoid excessive work and cost, since any of the above would be costly if they were far.

40. Do not select sites that are too high up because these are affected by winds, and access and service to these are difficult, nor in lowlands, which tend to be unhealthy; choose places of medium elevation that enjoy good winds, especially from the north and south, and if there were mountains or hills, these should be in the west or in the east, and it there should be a need to build in high places, do it in areas not subjected to fogs; take note of the terrain and its accidental features and in case that there should be a need to build on the banks of a river, it should be on the eastern bank, so when the sun rises it strikes the town first, then the water.

41. Do not select sites for towns in maritime locations because of the danger that exists of pirates and because they are not very healthy, and because in these [locations] there are less people able to work and cultivate the land, nor is it possible to instill in them these habits. Unless the site is in an area where there are good and principal harbors, among these, select for settlement only those that are necessary for the entry of commerce and for the defense of the land.

42. Having selected the site for capital towns in each county, determine the areas that could be subjected and incorporated within the jurisdiction of the head town [English approximation: county seat] as farms, granges, and gardens, without detriment to Indians and natives.

43. Having selected the area, province, and site where the new settlement is to be built, and having established the existing opportunities for development, the governor in whose district [the site] is or borders upon should decide whether the site that is to be populated should become a city, town, or village settlement. In compliance with his decision, it should form a Council [and] commonwealth [república] and name corresponding officials and members in accordance with stipulations in the "Book of the Republic of Spaniards" {Libro de la República de Españoles]. Thus in case it were to become a metropolitan city, it should have a judge with title and name of adelantado [title often given to the governor of a province, probably interim governor], or governor, or principal mayor; a corregidor, or ordinary mayor, who would have insolidum jurisdiction and who jointly with the regiment would carry on the administration of the commonwealth [with the help also of] three officers of the Royal Exchequer [Hacienda Real], twelve magistrates [regidores], two executors, two jurors for each parish, one general procurer, one scribe of the Council, two public scribes [one for mines, another for registers], one main town crier, one broker for commercial transactions, two ushers to diocesan or suffragan bishops, eight [lower] magistrates, and other such essential officials. For the towns and villages, [there should be] an ordinary mayor, four magistrates, one constable, one scribe for the Council and a public scribe, and a majordomo.

44-88. (These ordinances dictate the legislative, legal and fiduciary regulations.)

89. The persons who were placed in charge of populating a town with Spaniards should see to it that, within a specified term, assigned for its establishment, it should have at least thirty neighbors, each one with his own house, ten cows, four oxen or two oxen and two young bulls and a mare, and it should have [also] a clergyman who can administer sacraments and provide the ornaments to the church as well as the necessary implements for the divine service; if this is not accomplished, he should lose everything already built or formed and he will incur a fine of a thousand gold pesos.

90. The aforesaid stipulations and territory should be divided as follows:

Separate first the land that is needed for the house plots [solares] of the town, then allocate sufficient public land and grounds for pasture where the cattle that the neighbors are expected to bring with them can obtain abundant feed, plus another portion for the natives of the area.

The rest of the grounds and territory should be divided into four parts: one is for the person in charge of building the town, the other three should be subdivided into thirty lots for the thirty neighbors of the town.

91. Land and boundaries for the new settlement cannot be given nor taken at a seaport nor anywhere where it can ever be redundant and detrimental to the Crown nor to the country because such sites will be reserved for us.

92. We define a neighbor as the son, daughter or children of a new settler or his relatives to and beyond the fourth degree that have different households and families and, if they are married, each of them has his own household.

93-98. (These ordinances deals with various topics ranging from town officials, nearby mines, to taxes on items carried along to start a new town.)

99. Those who have made a commitment to build the said town, who after having succeeded in carrying out its settlement, as an honor to them and to their descendants [and in] their laudable memory as founders, we pronounce them hijosdalgo [illustrious men of known ancestry]. To them and to their legitimate heirs, in whatever place they might reside or in any other part of the Indies, they will be hijosdalgo, that is, persons of noble ascendancy and known ancestry.

100. Those who should want to make a commitment to building a new settlement in the form and manner already prescribed, be it of more or less than 30 neighbors, (know that) it should be of no less than twelve persons and be awarded the authorization and territory in accordance with the prescribed conditions.

101. If there is no person with the duty to select a site for a new settlement and there are enough married men who agree to create a new settlement wherever they are directed to locate it, as long as they are no less than ten married men they can do it and will be given land and boundaries accordingly and they will have the right to choose among themselves mayors and yearly councilmen.

102. Having chosen a site for a new settlement, as a colony, a frontier town, a town proper, a district seat, or a village, the Council and the Indies governor will not be satisfied by the mere fact of possession and continuity of rule and order from the start and will make them responsible for its development.

103. After the governor sites a new settlement of the proper hierarchy, the city or people who settle it will also settle with each of the persons that had registered or comes to register for the new settlement, and the person responsible for the town must select urban lots, farm, and pasture lands for the person willing to populate the town, who shall receive the amount of peonias and caballerias on which he is willing and able to build as long as no one is awarded more than five peonias nor three caballerias if given the latter.

104. A peonia is an urban lot 46 feet wide and 92 feet deep, land that will yield 156 bushels of either wheat or barley, 15.6 bushels of corn, land sized for two days of plowing for a vegetable garden, land sized for eight days of plowing to plant unirrigated trees, and pasture land for ten fertile sows, twenty cows, five mares, one hundred sheep, and twenty goats.

105. A caballeria is an urban lot 92 feet wide and 184 feet deep, and the rest is equivalent to five peonias which is land that will yield 780 bushels of wheat or barley for bread, 78 bushels of corn, land sized for ten days of plowing for a vegetable garden, land sizes for forty days of plowing to plant unirrigated trees, pasture land for fifty fertile sows, one hundred cows, twenty mares, five hundred sheep, and one hundred goats.

106. The caballeria, both the urban lots and the pasture and farm lands should be clearly marked and surveyed in a defined area and the peonias, both the urban lots and farm lands shall be marked and divided, and the pasture land will be common to all.

107. Those who accept settlement in the caballerias and peonias must build in their urban lots and live in their homestead and select the planting cycle of their farmlands and plant them and populate the pastures with cattle within the assigned time period and shall declare what will be accomplished within each period or they will lose their lots, lands and a monetary fine for the state, and must publicly accept these terms by way of a performance bond.

108. (This ordinance continues to elaborate upon requirements for maintaining caballerias and peonias.)

109. The governor who authorizes the settlement of a new town or concedes rights for an existing town to be populated anew, by means of his own authority or by making a request, should ascertain that those who have made a commitment to settle in a new town comply with the taking of seat in a proper manner. This should be done with great diligence and care. Also, the magistrates and Council procurer should initiate due process against the settlers who are bound up by a specified term and who have not complied with it to make them meet the terms, and those who might have left should be prosecuted, seized, and brought back to the town in order that they comply with the terms of settlement, and if they were in another jurisdiction, a requisitioning order should be issued in order that justice be done under penalty of Our Lord.

110. Having made the discovery, selected the province, county, and area that is to be settled, and the site in the location where the new town is to be built, and having taken possession of it, those placed in charge of its execution are to do it in the following manner. On arriving at the place where the new settlement is to be founded - which according to our will and disposition shall be one that is vacant and that can be occupied without doing harm to the Indians and natives or with their free consent - a plan for the site is to be made, dividing it into squares, streets, and building lots, using cord and ruler, beginning with the main square from which streets are to run to the gates and principal roads and leaving sufficient open space so that even if the town grows, it can always spread in the same manner. Having thus agreed upon the site and place selected to be populated, a layout should be made in the following way:

111. Having made the selection of the site where the town is to be built, it must, as already stated, be in an elevated and healthy location; [be] with means of fortification; [have] fertile soil and with plenty of land for farming and pasturage; have fuel, timber, and resources; [have] fresh water, a native population, ease of transport, access and exit; [and be] open to the north wind; and, if on the coast, due consideration should be paid to the quality of the harbor and that the sea does not lie to the south or west; and if possible not near lagoons or marshes in which poisonous animals and polluted air and water breed.

112. The main plaza is to be the starting point for the town; if the town is situated on the sea coast, it should be placed at the landing place of the port, but inland it should be at the center of the town. The plaza should be square or rectangular, in which case it should have at least one and a half its width for length inasmuch as this shape is best for fiestas in which horses are used and for any other fiestas that should be held.

113. The size of the plaza shall be proportioned to the number of inhabitants, taking into consideration the fact that in Indian towns, inasmuch as they are new, the intention is that they will increase, and thus the plaza should be decided upon taking into consideration the growth the town may experience. [The Plaza] shall be not less that two hundred feet wide and three hundred feet long, nor larger than eight hundred feet long and five hundred and thirty feet wide. A good proportion is six hundred feet long and four hundred wide.

114. From the plaza shall begin four principal street: One [shall be] from the middle of each side, and two streets from each corner of the plaza; the four corners of the plaza shall face the four principal winds, because in this manner, the streets running from the plaza will not be exposed to the four principal winds, which would cause much inconvenience.

115. Around the plaza as well as along the four principal streets which begin there, there shall be portals, for these are of considerable convenience to the merchants who generally gather there; the eight streets running from the plaza at the four corners shall open on the plaza without encountering these porticoes, which shall be kept back in order that there may be sidewalks even with the streets and plaza.

116. In cold places, the streets shall be wide and in hot places narrow; but for purposes of defense in areas where there are horses, it would be better if they are wide.

117. The streets shall run from the main plaza in such manner that even if the town increases considerably in size, it shall not result in some inconvenience that will make ugly what needed to be rebuilt, or endanger its defense or comfort.

118. Here and there in the town, smaller plazas of good proportion shall be laid out, where the temples associated with the principal church, the parish churches, and the monasteries can be built, [in] such [manner] that everything may be distributed in a good proportion for the instruction of religion.

119. For the temple of the principal church, parish, or monastery, there shall be assigned specific lots; the first after the streets and plazas have been laid out, and these shall be a complete block so as to avoid having other buildings nearby, unless it were for practical or ornamental reasons.

120. The temple of the cathedral [principal church] where the town is situated on the coast shall be built in part so that it may be seen on going out to sea and in a place where its buildings may serve as a means of defense for the port itself.

121. Next, a site and lot shall be assigned for the royal council and cabildo house and for the custom house and arsenal, near the temple, located in such a manner that in times of need the one may aid the other; the hospital for the poor and those sick of noncontagious diseases shall be built near the temple and its cloister; and the hospital for the sick with contagious diseases shall be built in such a way that no harmful wind blowing through it may cause harm to the rest of the town. If the latter be built in an elevated place, so much the better.

122. The site and building lots for slaughter houses, fisheries, tanneries, and other business which produce filth shall be so placed that the filth can easily be disposed of.

123. It shall be of considerable convenience if those towns that are laid out away from seaports, inland, be built if possible on the shore of a navigable river, and attempts should be made to place the town on the side from which the cold north wind blows and that buildings that cause filth be placed on the side of the river or sea below the town.

124. The temple in inland places shall not be placed on the square but at a distance and shall be separated from any other nearby building, or from adjoining buildings, and ought to be seen from all sides so that it can be decorated better, thus acquiring more authority; efforts should be made that it be somewhat raised from ground level in order that it be approached by steps, and near it, next to the main plaza, the royal council and cabildo and customs houses shall be built. [These shall be built] in a manner that would not embarrass the temple but add to its prestige. The hospital for the poor who are not affected by contagious diseases shall be built near the temple and near its cloister, and the [hospital] for contagious diseases shall be built in an area where the cold north wind blows, but arranged in such a way that it may enjoy the south wind.

125. The same plan shall be observed in any inland place without shore, taking considerable care to ascertain the availability of those conveniences that are required.

126. In the plaza, no lots shall be assigned to private individuals; instead, they shall be used for the buildings of the church and royal houses and for city use, but shops and houses for the merchants should be built first, to which all the settlers of the town shall contribute, and a moderate tax shall be imposed on goods so that these buildings may be built.

127. The other building lots shall be distributed by lottery to the settlers, continuing with the lots closer to the main plaza, and the lots that are left shall be held by us for assignment to those who shall later become settlers, or for the use that we may wish to make of them, and so that this may be ascertained better, the town shall maintain a plan of what is being built.

128. Having made the plan of the town and having distributed building lots, each of the settlers shall set up his tent on his plot if he should have one. For this purpose the captains should persuade settlers to carry them, and those who did not bring one should make their huts of easily available local materials, so that they may have shelter, and everyone as soon as possible shall make a palisade or ditch encircling the plaza so that they may not be harmed by Indians or natives.

129. Within the town, a commons shall be delimited, large enough that although the population may experience a rapid expansion, there will always be sufficient space where the people may go to for recreation and take their cattle to pasture without them making any damage.

130. Adjoining the commons there shall be assigned pasture ground for the work oxen and for the horses as well as for the cattle for slaughter and for the usual number of cattle that the settlers must have according to these Ordinances, and in a good number so they can be admitted to pasture in the public lands of the Council; and the rest [of the adjoining land] shall be assigned as farm lands, which will be distributed by lottery in such a number that the [farm lots] would be as many in number as the lots in the town; and if there should be irrigated lands, lots shall be cast for them and they shall be distributed in the same proportion to the first settlers according to their lots; the rest shall remain for ourselves so that we may assign it to those who may become settlers.

131. In the farmlands that may be distributed, the settlers should immediately plant the seeds they brought with them and those they might have obtained at the site; to this effect it is convenient that they go well provided; and in the pasture lands, all the cattle they brought with them or gathered should be branded so that they may soon begin to breed and multiply.

132. Having planted their seeds and made arrangements for the cattle in such number and with good diligence in order to obtain abundant food, the settlers shall begin with great care and efficiency to establish their houses and to build them with good foundations and walls; to this effect they shall go provided with molds or planks for building them, and all the other tools needed for building quickly and at small cost.

133. They shall arrange the building lots and edifices placed thereon in such a manner that when living in them they may enjoy the winds of the south and north as these are the best; throughout the town arrange the structures of the houses generally in such a way that they may serve as defense or barrier against those who may try to disturb or invade the town, and each house in particular shall be so built that they may keep therein their horses and work animals and shall have yards and corrals as large as possible for health and cleanliness.

134. They shall try as far as possible to have the buildings all of one type for the sake of the beauty of the town.

135. The faithful executors and architects as well as persons who may deputed for this purpose by the governor shall be most careful in overseeing that the above [ordinances] be executed; and they shall hurry in their labor and building so that the town may be completed in a short time.

136. If the natives should resolve to take a defensive position toward the [new] settlement, they should be made aware of how we intend to settle, not to do damage to them nor take away their lands, but instead to gain their friendship and teach them how to live civilly, and also to teach them to know our God so they learn His law through which they will be saved. This will be done by religious, clerics, and other persons designated for this purpose by the governor and through good interpreters, taking care by the best means available that the town settlement is carried out peacefully and with their consent, but if they [the natives] still do not want to concur after having been summoned repeatedly by various means, the settlers should build their own town without taking what belongs to the Indians and without doing them more harm that it were necessary for the protection of the town in order that the settlers are not disturbed.

137.While the town is being completed, the settlers should try, inasmuch as this is possible, to avoid communication and traffic with the Indians, or going to their towns, or amusing themselves or spilling themselves on the ground [sensual pleasures?]; nor [should the settlers] allow the Indians to enter within the confines of the town until it is built and its defenses ready and houses built so that when the Indians see them they will be struck with admiration and will understand that the Spaniards are there to settle permanently and not temporarily. They [the Spaniards] should be so feared that they [the Indians] will not dare offend them, but they will respect them and desire their friendship. At the beginning of the building of a town, the governor shall name one person who will occupy himself with the sowing and cultivation of the land, planting wheat and vegetables so that the settlers can be assisted in their maintenance. The cattle that they brought shall be put out to pasture in a safe area where they will not damage cultivated land nor Indian property, and so that the aforesaid cattle and its offspring may be of service, help, and sustenance to the town.

138. Having completed the erection of the town and the buildings within it, and not before this is done, the governor and settlers, with great care and holy zeal, should try to bring peace into the fraternity of the Holy Church and bring on to our obedience all the natives of the province and its counties, by the best means they know or can understand, and in the following manner:

139. Obtain information of the diversity of nations, languages, sects, and prejudices of the natives within the province, and about the lords they may pledge allegiance to, and by means of commerce and exchange, [the Spaniards] should try to establish friendship with them [the Indians], showing great love and caressing them and also giving them things in barter that will attract their interest, and not showing greediness for their things. [The Spaniards] should establish friendship and alliances with the principal lords and other influential persons who would be most useful in the pacification of the land.

140. Having made peace and alliance with [the Indians lords] and with their republics, make careful efforts so that they get together, and then [our] preachers, with utmost solemnity, should communicate and begin to persuade them that they should desire to understand matters pertaining to the holy Catholic faith. Then shall begin our teaching [efforts] with great providence and discretion, and in the order stipulated in the first book of the holy Catholic faith, utilizing the mildest approach so as to entice the Indians to want to learn about it. Thus you will not start by reprimanding their vices or their idolatry, nor taking away their women nor their idols, because they should not be scandalized or develop an enmity against the Christian doctrine. Instead, they should be taught first, and after they have been instructed, they should be persuaded that on their own will they should abandon all that runs contrary to our holy Catholic faith and evangelical doctrine.

141-147 (These ordinances further deal with the conversion of the native Indian population).

148. The Spaniards to whom the Indians are entrusted [encomendados], should seek with great care that these Indians be settled into towns, and that, within these, churches be built so that the Indians can be instructed into Christian doctrine and live in good order. Because we order you see to it that these Ordinances, as presented above, be incorporated, complied with, and executed, and that you make what in them is contained be complied with and executed, and never take action or move against them, nor consent that others take action or move against either their content or form, under penalty of our Lord.

Dated in the Woods of Segovia, the thirteenth of July, in the year fifteen hundred and seventy-three, I the King; the Licendiado Otalaza; the Licendiado Diego Gasca de Alazar; the Licenciado Gamboa, the Doctor Gomez de Santillán.''

[English translation by Axel Mundigo and Dora Crouch reprinted by The New City with permission from "The City Planning Ordinances of the Laws of the Indies Revisited, I", Town Planning Review, vol. 48, July 1977, pp 247-268. Translation of ordinances 92, 102-7 by Ramon Trias. Image: Plan of San Antonio, Tx]

==Examples of cities implemented with The Laws==

* Santa Fe, New Mexico
* Álamos, Mexico
* Albuquerque, New Mexico
* Tucson, Arizona
* Fernandina, Florida
* Laredo, Texas

==References==

# Estatutos de Limpieza de Sangre, Pablo A. Chami.
# Indies, Laws of the. (2006). In Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Retrieved November 22, 2006, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online
# Jackson, John (2003, June). Guiding Good Development Design. Retrieved November 22, 2006, from Indiana Association of Cities and Towns Web site

[[Categories:Legislation]]
[[Category:Planning history]]
[[Category:Urban design]]
[[Category:Zoning and land use regulation]]

Ljurban

Ecourban-13701 — Wed, 24 Oct 2007 19:50:35 GMT

Summary:

Based In [[Sacramento]], CA, LJUrban Aims To Be A Catalyst For [[Social Change]], By Creating An [[Eco-Urban]] [[Community]].

As Eco-Urbanists, LJUrban Has Three Simple Aspirations: Dream Big. Live Small. Do Good.

On September 21st, 2007, LJUrban was instrumental in orchestrating [[National Park(ing) Day]] in Sacramento. They joined up with an eclectic group of like-minded folk and transformed a public metered parking spot on J Street between 13th and 14th into a park for a day.

==External Links==
*[http://www.ljurban.com/ LJUrban.com]
*[http://www.flickr.com/photos/15952173@N06/sets/72157602652861889/ Photos of National Park(ing) Day 2007]

[[Category:New Urbanism| ]]
[[Category:Urban design]]

Urbanism

Castrorivera-13537 — Sat, 13 Oct 2007 20:23:27 GMT

Summary:

Urbanism is a term derived from the French word ''urbanisme''. Louis Wirth had popularized the term as a way of life opposed to rural.

Planning student organizations

Dan — Mon, 01 Oct 2007 13:10:19 GMT

Summary: /* PSO links */

A planning student organization (PSO) is an organization of planning students at a college or university undergraduate or gradate program.

Many PSOs in the United States are officially recognized by the [[American Planning Association]]. The APA will recognize a PSO that has ten or more members. According to the APA, PSOs are: "''intended to help develop strong working relationships between students and their respective Chapters, and to foster a sense of community between planning students nationally and even internationally. PSOs also provide an organizational structure through which students can make their needs and concerns known to APA National, and provide a framework through which they can address their respective academic departments.''"

==PSO links==

*[http://spa.iweb.bsu.edu/ Ball State University: Student Planning Organization]
*[http://www.csupomona.edu/~apsa/ California Polytechnic State University Pomona: American Planning Student Association]
*[http://urban.csuohio.edu/~csuapa/ Cleveland State University: Student Chapter of the American Planning Association]
*[http://www.stuorg.iastate.edu/crpclub/ Iowa State University: City and Regional Planning Club]
*[http://pso.louisville.edu/ University of Louisville: Planning Student Organization]
*[http://www.hhh.umn.edu/academics/gradprograms/murp/pso/index.html University of Minnesota: Planning Student Organization]
*[http://students.arch.utah.edu/upso/ University of Utah: Planning Student Organization]
*[http://www.clas.wayne.edu/wssup/ Wayne State University: Student Urban Planners]

==External links==
*[http://www.planning.org/students/ American Planning Association: APA for students]

[[Category:Academics]]
[[Category:Organizations]]
[[Category:Professional associations]]

Fellow of the American Institute of Certified Planners

Dan — Thu, 27 Sep 2007 21:18:59 GMT

Summary:

Election to Fellow of the [[American Institute of Certified Planners]] (FAICP) is the highest honor that the American Institute of Certified Planners (AICP) bestows upon a member. This honor is a recognition of the achievements of the planner as an individual, elevating the Fellow before the public and the profession as a model planner who has made significant contributions to planning and society. Fellowship is granted to planners who have been members of AICP and have achieved excellence in professional practice, teaching and mentoring, research, public/community service, and leadership.

Those considered for FAICP fellowship are nominated by their peers. Nominees to the FAICP and their nominators must meet minimum eligibility requirements before their nomination submissions are considered

Nominee eligibility requirements are:

* Member of AICP for at least 15 years.
* Member of AICP in good standing.
* Outstanding contribution to the profession over an extended period of time.

To qualify for Fellow status, the nominee must exhibit the following:
* Exceptional leadership.
* Innovation and excellence.
* A legacy for his/her profession, community and society.
* Risk-taking.
* Sustainability and follow-through.

Nominator requirements are:

* An APA Chapter, through an executive committee, awards committee, or a special committee as established by a chapter.
* An APA Division through an executive committee, awards committee, or a special committee as established by a division.
* The AICP Executive Committee.
* The College of Fellows, through their special nominations committee.
* Any AICP member, accompanied by the endorsement of ten other AICP members in good standing.

Qualified individuals may be elected to the AICP College of Fellows under one of the four nomination categories:

* Professional practice
* Teaching and mentoring
* Research
* Public/community service and leadership

Each of these categories have their own criteria.

Professional practice:

* Completed works proclaim individuality and mastery of the principles of planning.
* Projects demonstrate outstanding quality, professional leadership and transferability.
* Responsible for planning that made significant change in the community served, and beyond.
* Evidence of influence of planning practice and the impact which such practice has had on improving the quality of communities and public life.

Teaching and mentoring:

* Specific influence of this accomplishment on the profession of planning.
* Personal leadership role demonstrated in the accomplishment of advancing education and the profession.
* Exceptional commitment to providing planning education at all levels.

Research:

* Exceptional accomplishment over an extended period of time, especially those that are considered innovative.
* Specific application of the research on the practice of the planning profession.

Public/community service and leadership:

* Influence of this work on the profession of planning and contribution to public advancement of the profession.
* Personal leadership role or administrative ability demonstrated in the accomplishment of project initiation or design, policy formulation, or planning.
* Strong involvement in APA and AICP activities in a leadership position.
* Include and describe the nominee’s roles and responsibilities in significant non-APA/AICP volunteer activities that are exceptional and exemplary.

==See also==

*[[American Institute of Certified Planners]] (AICP)
*[[Member of the Canadian Institute of Planning]] (MCIP)
*[[Fellow of the Canadian Institute of Planning]] (FCIP)
*[[American Planning Assocation]]

==External links==

* [http://www.planning.org/faicp/faicp.htm/ Fellow of the American Institute of Certified Planners]
* [http://www.planning.org/aicp/ American Institute of Certified Planners]
* [http://www.planning.org/ American Planning Association]
* [http://www.cip-icu.ca/ Canadian Institute of Planners]

[[Category:Organizations]]
[[Category:Professional associations]]
[[Category:Professional certification]]

Zipf's law

Dan — Tue, 25 Sep 2007 23:05:19 GMT

Summary:

Originally, '''Zipf's law''' stated that, in a corpus of natural language utterances, the frequency of any word is roughly inversely proportional to its rank in the frequency table. So, the most frequent word will occur approximately twice as often as the second most frequent word, which occurs twice as often as the fourth most frequent word, etc. The term has come to be used to refer to any of a family of related power law probability distributions. The "law" was publicized by Harvard linguist George Kingsley Zipf.

In relation to city sizes, Zipf also discovered that city sizes — defined in terms of their populations — follow a very regular pattern, where the largest city in a country tends to be about twice as large as the second-largest city, three times larger than the third-largest city, four times larger than the fourth-largest city, and so on. Because the size increment between successive cities becomes smaller, the result is an urban system characterized by a sprinkling of relatively large cities amidst a sea of small towns. Zip's law has been shown to be true in many countries true across the world, with China, Canada, and South Africa being exceptions.

==References==

Gibrat, Robert. 1931. Les Inégalités Economiques. Paris: Librairie du Recueil Sirey.

Gabaix, Xavier, and Yannis Ionnides. 2004. "The Evolution of City-Size Distributions." Handbook of Regional and Urban Economics, Volume 4. Henderson & Thisse, Eds. Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Krugman, Paul. 1996. The Self-Organizing Economy. Oxford, England: Basil Blackwell.

Zipf, George. 1949. Human Behavior and the Principle of Least Effort. Cambridge, Mass.: Addison-Wesley.

Newman, Mark. 2005. "Power laws, Pareto distributions and Zipf's Law." In Condensed Matter. http://arxiv.org/abs/cond-mat/0412004

Pumain, Denise. 2006. Hierarchy in Natural and Social Sciences, Methodos Series Number 3, Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer-Springer.

[[Category:Demographics]]
[[Category:Urban thoery]]

Anti-snob zoning

Dan — Mon, 10 Sep 2007 21:14:05 GMT

Summary:

'''Anti-snob zoning''' is a nickname for Massachusetts General Law, Chapter 40B which is also known as the Comprehensive Permit Law.

Chapter 40B is a state statute which allows housing developers to bypass local [[zoning]] restrictions under some circumstances. Chapter 40B was enacted in 1969 to help address the shortage of [[affordable housing]] statewide by reducing barriers created by local approval processes, local zoning, and other restrictions. Its goal is to encourage the production of affordable housing in all communities throughout the Commonwealth.

For the purposes of this statute, affordable housing is defined as a unit which could be purchased by a family making 80% of the median income of the area and which is deed restricted.

Under Chapter 40B, in any municipality where less than 10% of its housing qualifies as affordable, a developer can override local zoning laws and build a new development if at least 20% of the new units have long-term affordability restrictions.

This law is controversial and paradoxically ineffective. A recent study by the National Low Income Housing Coalition rated Massachusetts as being the least affordable state in which to rent an apartment in 2003.

Despite the law very few new houses are built in Massachusetts relative to its needs. The state is very interested in increasing the supply of inexpensive homes. The shortage contributes to sprawl as workers move further away from jobs in order to afford houses. In addition, the high price of housing is one of the reasons that young people are moving away from Massachusetts altogether.

However, towns resist building more inexpensive houses because the costs which are incurred by the town, largely for education, are not covered by the taxes paid on inexpensive housing.

Towns have repeatedly attempted to gain "affordable" classification for existing inexpensive housing units which are not deed restricted. Many have requested that mobile homes be allowed, but this has been denied. Others attempted to include prisons and school dormitories to little avail.

==Implementation==

==Best practice==

==Definitions==

==Discussion==

* Cyburbia Forums [http://www.cyburbia.org/forums/forumdisplay.php?f=20 Land use and zoning] subforum

==References==

==See also==

* [[Inclusionary zoning]]

==External links==

* Massachusetts Department of Housing and Community Development [http://www.mass.gov/dhcd/components/SCP/ch40B/default.htm Chapter 40B site]
* Citizens’ Housing and Planning Association [http://www.chapa.org/40b_fact.html Fact Sheet on Chapter 40B]

[[Category:Zoning]]

Coving

Dan — Mon, 10 Sep 2007 15:22:42 GMT

Summary:

'''Coving''' is a method of [[Subdivision (land)|subdivision]] characterized by non-uniform lot shapes and home placement. When combined with winding roads, lot area is increased and road area reduced. Coving is used as an alternative to conventional "grid" subdivision layout in order to reduce costs, such as road surfacing, while improving aesthetics.

== History ==

Coving was pioneered by Minneapolis-based urban designer Rick Harrison. His design intent was that no two houses look directly into each others windows. The name comes from coves of green spaces among the homes which are made possible by winding roads and staggered setbacks.

==Advantages and disadvantages==

A coved layout reduces construction costs by reducing roadway, thereby lowering paving and utility-line costs. The reduction in road surface adds usable land for lots. Other benefits are increased pedestrian safety due to less road, along with fewer intersections. Individual properties also gain aesthetic value from the separate meandering setback lines, sidewalks, and roadways.

Several disadvantages to coving are that it requires houses to have a greater set-back from the street, requires larger lots and does not account for mixed use and walkability, decreases the street and pedestrian connectivity of a tract to its surroundings and increases suburban sprawl while leaving little or no public open space.

== Design ==

[[Image:Coving8bit.gif|thumb|300px|Coved subdivision]]

Designing coved developments is technically difficult. Specialized software is used and designers need several years of experience to become proficient. The design isn't feasible for narrow tracts of land, and house footprints need to be less than 85% of the lot size.

[[Category:Subdivision]]
[[Category:Urban design]]

Locally Unwanted Land Use

Dan — Fri, 07 Sep 2007 19:05:23 GMT

Summary: /* See also */

'''Locally unwanted land use''', or "LULU", functions as a generic term for [[land use]]s which are perceived as being detrimental for neighburing land. LULUs may provide services that are needed in a community, but few want to live near them given their externalities, whether they are real or perceived.

Obvious LULUs include low-income housing projects, power plants, airports, prisons, halfway houses, and sewage treatment plants. LULUs also include strip mines, power lines, highways, dams, oil refineries, rail lines, military installations, junkyards, cemeteries, amusement parks, taverns, and sexusally oriented businesses.

Strip commercial development is often considered a LULU, as are many of its components — gas stations, car dealerships, repair shops, parking lots and garages, rental outlets, carwashes, motels, and drive-in restaurants. In some cases public parks, factories, stadiums, hotels, hospitals, marinas, office buildings, and residential developments (especially high-rises, suburban apartment buildings, and trailer parks) are perceived as LULUs. The most prominent LULUs are large, built by the public sector rather than private enterprise, and sited primarily by local governments.

The term was coined by Rutgers University urban planning professor Frank J. Popper in his paper "Sitting LULUs," printed in the April 1981 edition of ''Planning'' Magazine. [http://www.planning.org/25anniversary/planning/1981apr.htm]

==See also==
* [[Not In My Back Yard|NIMBY]]
* [[Build Absolutely Nothing Anywhere Near Anything|BANANA]]

Asset-based community development

Dan — Tue, 21 Aug 2007 16:48:38 GMT

Summary:

'''Asset-based community development''' is an approach to [[community development]] which advocates the use of skills and strengths that are already present within the community, rather than obtaining help from outside institutions. The phrase "asset-based" refers to a positive, "capacity-driven" approach which encourages community members to make progress for themselves, as opposed to a traditional "needs-driven" approach which makes the community dependent on institutional help.

The first step in the process of community development is to assess the resources of a community through a [[capacity inventory]] [http://www.northwestern.edu/ipr/abcd/abcdci.html (1)] or through another process of talking to the residents to determine what types of skills and experience are available to a community organization. The next step is to consult with the community and find out what improvements the residents would like to make. The final, and most challenging step, is to determine how the residents' skills can be leveraged into achieving those goals.

The [[Asset-Based Community Development Institute]] [http://www.northwestern.edu/ipr/abcd.html (2)] is located at [[Northwestern University]] in Evanston, Illinois. Its founders, [[John Kretzmann]] and [[John L. McKnight]], are the major proponents of this community development philosophy.

[[Category:Community development]]

Michael E. Arth

Logos451 — Mon, 02 Jul 2007 21:53:46 GMT

Summary: new article from public domain

'''Michael E. Arth''', born on April 27, [[1953]], is an [[United States|American]] artist, home/landscape/urban designer, [[Futures studies|futurist]], and author.

==Art==
Michael E. Arth has worked with a wide range of media; From [[rock concert]] posters in the early 1970s, to original prints like etchings, [[serigraph]]s, and [[lithograph]]s, to paintings, and [[photography]]. A large format book of his work, ''Michael E. Arth: Introspective 1972-1982'', was published in 1983.[1] He shifted focus in 1986 to [[Architectural design|home]] and [[urban design]]. In 2007, in collaboration with filmmaker Blake Wiers, he produced his first feature length [[Documentary film|documentary]].

==Building and urban design==
Arth designed, built, and [[Landscaping|landscaped]] a small number of private residences in [[Southern California]] from 1986 to 2000, most notably "Casa de Lila," a seven-story Spanish style villa integrated into a mountain ridge in the [[Hollywood Hills]].

In 1999, Arth founded a more pedestrian and ecology-oriented version of [[New Urbanism]] called [[New Pedestrianism]]. [2] His new approach calls for very compact new towns and neighborhoods where tree-shaded, pedestrian and bike lanes are in front of all residences and businesses, with tree-lined automobile streets at the rear. While the pedestrian lane idea is not entirely original (examples of rear loading garages with front sidewalks that replace streets were built in [[Venice]], [[California]], as early as [[1910]]), his fervent emphasis on this as a panacea makes his work distinctive.

Arth claims that living in what he calls a "Pedestrian Village", coupled with a compact, mixed-use neighborhood or village center, will ameliorate a wide range of problems related to urban living. Having such a development built near a [[downtown]] area or newly-created village center reduces the amount of travel time that would normally be spent in an automobile, thus increasing the physical activity of the homeowner and saving energy. In more densely built new towns or developments, he claims that this new form of housing would greatly reduce the dependency on the automobile and the resulting village-like towns would vastly increase both aesthetics and quality of life. He also promotes the creation of similar pedestrian amenities that can be retrofitted to existing towns. Arth's design and development company, Pedestrian Villages Inc., develops projects that follow the principles of [[New Pedestrianism]].[3]

==The Garden District==

In [[2000]], while working on a book and documentary, [[The Labors of Hercules: Modern Solutions to 12 Herculean Problems]],[4] Arth found a small slum in [[DeLand, Florida]], where he could try out some of his ideas. Subsequently, he purchased thirty dilapidated homes and businesses, which he restored over a six-year period. Running out the drug dealers and rebuilding the downtown neighborhood won him the support of the community and a number of awards. He changed the name of "Crack Town" to [[Downtown DeLand's Historic Garden District#Downtown DeLand.27s Historic Garden District|Downtown DeLand's Historic Garden District]]. Arth enhanced the existing infrastructure by planting trees and by building pedestrian lanes, gardens, courtyards, and bike facilities in the district.[5]

In [[2004]], Arth designed and secured local planning approval of a major mixed-use development in the Garden District that exemplifies the major tenets of New Pedestrianism. "The Palm Garden" will consist of twenty-eight shops and restaurants and a health facility overlooking a sunken tropical garden complete with swimming pools and waterfalls - all on a car free [[promenade]]. Fifty-two residences are proposed above the retail space. Across the street, the "Palm Garden Cottages," will consist of twelve houses facing a pedestrian lane with a garden and community pool house. The garages are located at the rear on an automobile street with the houses overlooking a tree-lined, car-free pedestrian lane in front, according to NP principles.[6]. These new projects were on hold as of 2007 due to a downturn in the Florida economy.

==Solution to Homelessness==

In 2007 Arth proposed a controversial national solution for [[homelessness]] that would involve building nearly carfree Pedestrian Villages in place of what he terms "the current band-aid approach to the problem."[7] A prototype, Tiger Bay Village, was proposed for near [[Daytona Beach]], FL. He claims that this would be superior for treating the psychological as well as psychiatric needs of both the temporarily and permanently homeless, and would cost less than the current approach. Work opportunities, including construction and maintenance of the villages, as well as the creation of work force agencies would help make the villages financially and socially viable.[8][9][10]

==New Urban Cowboy==

[[New Urban Cowboy: The Labors of Michael E. Arth]], a feature length documentary was produced by Golden Apples Media in 2007 that chronicles the rehabilitation of DeLand's Garden District and explains the philosophy behind New Pedestrianism. [11][12][13]

==UNICE==

[[UNICE: Universal Network of Intelligent Conscious Energy]] is a vision of the future that Arth has been developing since 1969. He coined the term UNICE in the 1990s to describe the conscious intelligence that he theorizes "will soon emerge on Earth from a hive-like interaction of computers, humans, and the Internet."[14] Arth believes that UNICE gives a modern, mythological form to the hypothesized [[Technological Singularity]], which may produce intelligent, non-biological life that will envelope the Earth and then spread outward into space.[15] Arth is working on a book and a documentary about this subject.[16][17]

== References==
*[1] {{cite book | author=Michael E. Arth | title=Michael E. Arth Introspective 1972-1982 | publisher= Linnea Graphics | year=1983 | id=ISBN 0-912467-00-2}}
*[2] {{cite book | author=J.H. Crawford | title=CarFree Cities | publisher= International Books, Utrecht, Holland, 2000 | id=ISBN 90-5727-037-4}}
*[3] [http://www.pedestrianvillages.com/ Pedestrian Villages]
*[4] [http://www.laborsofhercules.org/ Online version of "The Labors of Hercules: Modern Solutions to 12 Herculean Problems."]
*[5] Carolanne Griffith Roberts, "Saving a Neighborhood", Southern Living Magazine, April 2004, Florida Living pp. 22-25.
*[6] [http://michaelearth.com/herc_IX.htm/ Philosophy behind New Pedestrianism]
*[7] Michael E. Arth, "A National Solution to Homelessness That Begins Here," Orlando Sentinel, January 20, 2007 [http://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/local/volusia/orl-vol-arthessay012007,0,3658819.story?coll=orl-news-headlines-volusia/ link to article]
*[8] Tom Leonard, "Daytona may give vagrants their own resort." Telegraph.co.uk, January 24, 2007 [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/01/23/wdaytona23.xml/ link to article]
*[9] Etan Horowitz, "Developer defends homeless-village concept," Orlando Sentinel, January 27, 2007 [http://www.orlandosentinel.com/orl-varth2707jan27,0,3612065.story?track=rss/ link to article]
*[10] Rebbecca Mahoney, "Homeless village or leper colony?" Orlando Sentinel, January 20, 2007 [http://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/local/volusia/orl-mhomeless2007jan20,0,1951442.story?coll=orl-news-headlines-volusia/ link to article]
*[11] [http://www.GoldenApplesMedia.com/ Golden Apples Media]
*[12] [http://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=New+Urban+Cowboy&search=Search/ New Urban Cowboy trailer at YouTube]
*[13] [http://s5.video.blip.tv/0550000468458/BlakeWiers-NewUrbanCowboyDocumentaryTrailer115.mov/ New Urban Cowboy high resolution trailer]
*[14] Michael E. Arth, Essay about UNICE adapted from a forthcoming book: "The Future: A Progression (2008 to 2035)" [http://www.unice.info/unice/adaptation.htm/ link to essay]
*[15] [http://www.unice.info/ information about UNICE]
*[16] [http://www.unice.info/ quotes about UNICE]
*[17] [http://goldenapplesmedia.com/ UNICE book and film information]

== External links ==

*[http://www.MichaelEArth.com/ Michael E. Arth's website]
*[http://www.UNICE.info/ Information about UNICE]
*[http://www.GoldenApplesMedia.com/ Producer of "New Urban Cowboy"]
*[http://www.NewUrbanCowboy.com/ New Urban Cowboy site]
*[http://www.LaborsofHercules.org/ Online version of The Labors of Hercules]
*[http://www.PedestrianVillages.com/ About New Pedestrianism]

==See also==
*[[New Pedestrianism]]
*[[New Urbanism]]
*[[Labours of Hercules]]
*[[DeLand, FL]]
*[[Eschatology]]
*[[New Urban Cowboy]]
*[[UNICE: Earth's Universal Network of Intelligent Conscious Energy]]
*[[Transhumanism]]
*[[Technological Singularity]]
*[[Homelessness]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arth, Michael E.}}
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:American artists]]
[[Category:Contemporary artists]]
[[Category:Urban planners]]
[[Category:Futurologists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Volusia County, Florida]]

Train

Rickyrab — Sun, 10 Jun 2007 15:09:52 GMT

Summary:

A '''train''' is a vehicle, or group of connected vehicles, that runs on rails. It is a modular vehicle: it consists of modules, called "cars" or "rolling stock", which are used to carry people and freight. Because railroads are typically separate from roads, and rails are more expensive than merely paving new roads, and trains are capable of carrying higher numbers of people per vehicle than buses, trains tend to be used in metropolitan areas with strong downtowns, high-population-density areas, and other locations with heavy ridership characteristics (such as the Disney World monorail, which connects the entrance gate with hotels and theme parks).

United We Ride

GeogPlanner — Fri, 25 May 2007 02:40:09 GMT

Summary:

'''United We Ride''' is an interagency Federal ([[United States]]) national initiative that supports states and local communities in developing coordinated human service delivery systems, generally focused around [[public transit]]. In addition to coordination grants, United We Ride provides state and local agencies a transportation-coordination and planning self-assessment tools, technical assistance, and other resources. Eleven federal agencies and one Presidential initiative make up the United We Ride program.
==History==
In June 2003, the [[Government Accountability Office]] identified 62 federal funding streams that in some form supported transportation. Many of the agencies could not identify what percentage of their budget was spent on transportation.

On February 24, 2004 the [[President of the United States]] issued an [[Executive Order (United States)]] establishing the Interagency Transportation Coordinating Council on Access and Mobility (CCAM). The Council is comprised of 11 Federal departments, including the Departments of Transportation, Health and Human Services, Labor, Education, Housing and Urban Affairs, Agriculture, Justice, Interior, the Veterans Administration, the Social Security Administration and the National Council on Disabilities. This led to United We Ride.

As required, the Council to provided a report to the President within 1 year. The report identified five broad recommendations to improve the strategic use of federal funds to support public and human service transportation: Coordinated Transportation Planning, Vehicle Sharing, Reporting and Evaluation, Cost Allocation, and Consolidated Access Transportation Demonstration Programs.

The passage of [[SAFETEA-LU]] (The Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users) in 2005 introduced a requirement that programs funded under Sections 5310, 5316 and 5317 are derrived from a locally developed, coordinated human services transrportation plan. As a result, the United We Ride initiative has gained traction in statewide transportation planning in the [[United States]].

== External links ==
*[http://www.unitedweride.gov United We Ride Website]
*[http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2004/02/20040224-9.html President's Executive Order]

[[Category:Transportation in the United States]]

Isovist

Brandonmason — Fri, 27 Apr 2007 16:27:40 GMT

Summary:

An '''isovist''' is either the area visible from a location in a plan in two dimensions, or the visible polyhedron surrounding a location in three dimensions. It is used by architects and planners for the analysis of buildings and urban areas, typically as one of a series of methods used in [[space syntax]].

It is similar to the concept of a [[viewshed]] in the field of [[geographic information science]], although viewer height is not usually included.

Community Development Block Grant

Brandonmason — Fri, 27 Apr 2007 16:22:09 GMT

Summary:

The '''Community Development Block Grant''' ('''CBDG''') program is a federal program in the United States. It is designed to provide communities with resources to address a wide range of unique community development needs. Beginning in 1974, the CDBG program is one of the longest continuously run programs at HUD. The CDBG program provides annual grants on a formula basis to 1180 general units of local government and States. Among the uses for the grants are:
*''Entitlement Communities'' - The CDBG entitlement program allocates annual grants to larger cities and urban counties to develop viable communities by providing decent housing, a suitable living environment, and opportunities to expand economic opportunities, principally for low- and moderate-income persons.
* ''State Administered CDBG'' - Also known as the Small Cities CDBG program, States award grants to smaller units of general local government that carry out community development activities. Annually, each State develops funding priorities and criteria for selecting projects.
*''Section 108 Loan Guarantee Program'' - CDBG entitlement communities are eligible to apply for assistance through the section 108 loan guarantee program. CDBG non-entitlement communities may also apply, provided their State agrees to pledge the CDBG funds necessary to secure the loan. Applicants may receive a loan guarantee directly or designate another public entity, such as an industrial development authority, to carry out their Section 108 assisted project.
*''HUD Administered Small Cities'' - The HUD Honolulu Office directly administers the CDBG program for non-entitlement communities in the State of Hawaii.
*''Insular Areas'' - The Insular Areas CDBG program provides grants to four designated insular areas: American Samoa; Guam; Northern Mariana Islands; and the Virgin Islands.
*''Disaster Recovery Assistance'' - HUD provides flexible grants to help cities, counties, and States recover from Presidentially declared disasters, especially in low-income areas, subject to availability of supplemental appropriations.
*''Colonias'' - Texas, Arizona, California, and New Mexico set aside up to 10 percent of their State CDBG funds for improving living conditions for colonias residents.
*''Renewal Communities/ Empowerment Zones/ Enterprise Communities (RC/EZ/EC)'' - This is a program that uses an innovative approach to revitalization, bringing communities together through public and private partnerships to attract the investment necessary for sustainable economic and community development.

The CDBG program works to ensure decent [[affordable housing]], to provide services to the most vulnerable in our communities, and to create jobs through the expansion and retention of businesses. CDBG is an important tool for helping local governments tackle serious challenges facing their communities. The CDBG program has made a difference in the lives of millions of people and their communities across the Nation.

The annual CDBG appropriation is allocated between States and local jurisdictions called "non-entitlement" and "entitlement" communities respectively. Entitlement communities are comprised of central cities of Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs); metropolitan cities with populations of at least 50,000; and qualified urban counties with a population of 200,000 or more (excluding the populations of entitlement cities). States distribute CDBG funds to non-entitlement localities not qualified as entitlement communities.
HUD determines the amount of each grant by using a formula comprised of several measures of community need, including the extent of poverty, population, housing overcrowding, age of housing, and population growth lag in relationship to other metropolitan areas. Citizen Participation
A grantee must develop and follow a detailed plan that provides for and encourages citizen participation. This integral process emphasizes participation by persons of low or moderate income, particularly residents of predominantly low- and moderate-income neighborhoods, slum or blighted areas, and areas in which the grantee proposes to use CDBG funds. The plan must provide citizens with the following: reasonable and timely access to local meetings; an opportunity to review proposed activities and program performance; provide for timely written answers to written complaints and grievances; and identify how the needs of non-English speaking residents will be met in the case of public hearings where a significant number of non-English speaking residents can be reasonably expected to participate. Eligible Activities
Over a 1, 2, or 3-year period, as selected by the grantee, not less than 70 percent of CDBG funds must be used for activities that benefit low- and moderate-income persons. In addition, each activity must meet one of the following national objectives for the program: benefit low- and moderate-income persons, prevention or elimination of slums or blight, or address community development needs having a particular urgency because existing conditions pose a serious and immediate threat to the health or welfare of the community for which other funding is not available.

==References==
* [http://www.hud.gov/offices/cpd/communitydevelopment/programs/index.cfm HUD description of the program] (this article was populated from this HUD website)

Alternative fuel

Brandonmason — Fri, 27 Apr 2007 16:13:05 GMT

Summary:

An '''alternative fuel''' is a transportation fuel or energy source other than gasoline. In the United States, the [[Energy Policy Act of 1992]] (EPACT) defines alternative fuels as methanol, denatured ethanol, and other alcohols; mixtures containing 85 percent or more by volume of methanol, denatured ethanol, and other alcohols with gasoline or other fuels; natural gas; liquified petroleum gas; hydrogen; coal-derived liquid fuels; fuels (other than alcohol) derived from biological materials (including neat biodiesel); and electricity (including electricity from solar energy).

==References==
*[http://www.hud.gov/offices/cpd/library/glossary/a/index.cfm#alternative HUD Glossary]
*[http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/planning/glossary/glossary_listing.cfm FHWA Glossary]
*[ftp://ftp.eia.doe.gov/pub/solar.renewables/alt_over.pdf Alternative Fuels Overview] from the U.S. Department of Energy (1994)(PDF)

Very Low-Income

Brandonmason — Fri, 27 Apr 2007 16:06:52 GMT

Summary:

In the context of affordable housing, '''Very Low-Income''' households are those whose incomes do not exceed 50 percent of the median area income for the area, as determined by HUD, with adjust-ments for smaller and larger families and for areas with unusually high or low incomes or where needed because of facility, college, or other training facility; prevailing levels of construction costs; or fair market rents.

==References==
*[http://www.hud.gov/offices/cpd/library/glossary/v/index.cfm#verylow HUD Glossary]

Vanpool

Brandonmason — Fri, 27 Apr 2007 16:05:38 GMT

Summary:

A '''vanpool''' is a group of riders using a vehicle, with a seating capacity of no fewer than eight individuals and not more than fifteen individuals, for transportation to and from their residence or other designated locations and their place of employment, provided the vehicle is driven by one of the pool members. A group in a smaller vehicle is a [[carpool]].

==References==
*[http://www.hud.gov/offices/cpd/library/glossary/v/index.cfm#vanpool HUD Glossary]

Catchment area (human geography)

Brandonmason — Fri, 27 Apr 2007 10:37:53 GMT

Summary:

A '''catchment area''' is the area and population from which a city or individual service attracts visitors or customers. For example, a school catchment area is the geographic area from which students are eligible to attend a local school. Local governments and community service organizations often define catchment areas or service areas for public safety (e.g., fire and police) and emergency medical services. Catchment areas are generally founded either on formal local government boundaries or else on some other geographic basis. For example, a neighborhood or district of a city often has several small convenience shops, each with a catchment area of several streets. Supermarkets, on the other hand, have a much lower density, with catchment areas of several neighborhoods (or several villages in rural areas). This principle is similar to the [[Central Place Theory]].

==Reference==
* Populated from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catchment_area_%28human_geography%29 Wikipedia]

Catchment area

Brandonmason — Fri, 27 Apr 2007 10:36:30 GMT

Summary:

A '''Catchment area''' may be:
* [[drainage basin]]: a '''water catchment area''' or '''watershed''' in physical geography and civil engineering.
* [[catchment area (human geography)]]: a term defining the area and population from which a city or individual service attracts visitors or customers.

Blight

Brandonmason — Fri, 27 Apr 2007 10:30:55 GMT

Summary:

'''Blight''' is a "condition of property or the uses of property in parts of a city, town, or neighborhood that are detrimental to the physical, social, and/or economic well-being of a community. It can include abandoned buildings or those severely neglected by their owners, vacant lots full of rubble and waste, or dangerous and/or illegal uses such as crack houses." [http://www.urbanplan.org/UP_Glossary/UP_Glossary.html#b]

Blight has often been used as a justification for [[urban renewal]] and the use of [[eminent domain]].

==See also==
*''[[Berman v. Parker]]''
*''[[Kelo v. City of New London]]''
*[[Urban decay]]

==References==
* Populated from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blight_%28urban%29 Wikipedia]
* [http://www.urbanplan.org/UP_Glossary/UP_Glossary.html#b UrbanPlan (Glossary)]
* [http://www.sactaqc.org/Resources/primers/Glossary_Land_Use.htm Sacramento Transportation and Air Quality Collaborative (Glossary)]
* [http://www.co.monterey.ca.us/gpu/glossary2.htm County of Monterey (Glossary)]

Article 4 Direction

Brandonmason — Fri, 27 Apr 2007 10:28:19 GMT

Summary:

An '''Article Four Direction''' is made by a [[Local Planning Authority]] in the United Kingdom and confirmed by the Government. It serves to restrict [[Permitted Development]] rights, which means that a lot of the things people do to their land or houses without planning permission and often take for granted, are brought into the realms of planning consent. It does not in itself prohibit any action but means that a landowner is required to seek planning consent whereas without the Direction this would not be necessary.

An Article Four Direction is not a conservation designation as such. It is a statement made under the [[Planning Acts|Town and Country Planning Acts]], specifically the Town and Country Planning (General Permitted Development) Order 1995. The Direction removes all or some of the [[Permitted Development]] rights on a site. For example, it could stop a landowner from having car boot sales on his land for 28 days per year - a right which he would otherwise have.

The Article Four has historically been a rarely used instrument which was not particularly effective, and was difficult to apply as it always required approval of the Secretary of State. The 1995 Town and Country Planning (General Permitted Development) Order made significant improvements to the process, and since that time the use of Article 4 Directions has increased.

==Types of Article 4 Direction==
Since 1995 there have been three types of direction:
*directions under article 4(2) affecting conservation areas. The aim of an Article 4(2) Direction is to encourage the retention of high quality architectural features and to preserve and enhance the character and appearance of the built heritage. The designation of a Conservation Area only goes some way towards protecting the integrity of buildings and their character. Under the Town and Country Planning Act (General Permitted Development) Order 1995, permitted development rights enable property owners within a Conservation Area to undertake small-scale extensions and/or alterations without the need for planning permission. Where these rights are unchecked, they can erode the special interest of the Conservation Area.
*directions under article 4(1)affecting only listed buildings; and
*directions under article 4(1) affecting other land.

==Powers to make a Direction==
A direction under either article 4(1) or 4(2) of the 1995 Order may be made by the district or county planning authority in relation to a conservation area, but only by the district/borough council in other cases. The Secretary of State may also make a direction.

==References==
*Populated from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_Four_Direction Wikipedia]
*[http://www.ihbc.org.uk/context_archive/46/mlearned.htm Charles Mynors]
*[http://www.ipswich.gov.uk/Services/Conservation/Article+4+Direction+Guide.htm Article 4 Gudie]

Article 14 Direction

Brandonmason — Fri, 27 Apr 2007 10:26:30 GMT

Summary:

An '''Article 14 Direction''' is a term used in British planning law for a directive issued by the British Government which prevents a [[Local Planning Authority]] granting [[planning permission]] for a specific proposal. It has no time limit, so remains in force until explicitly lifted. It is typically used to allow a regional government office more time to consider proposals.

==References==
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_14_Direction Wikipedia]
* [http://www.planningportal.gov.uk/england/genpub/en/1115310681665.html Planning Portal]

Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty

Brandonmason — Fri, 27 Apr 2007 10:23:39 GMT

Summary:

An '''Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty''' ('''AONB''') is an area of countryside with significant landscape value in England, Wales or Northern Ireland, that has been specially designated by the [[Countryside Agency]] on behalf of the United Kingdom government; the [[Countryside Council]] for Wales on behalf of the Welsh Assembly Government; or the Environment and Heritage Service on behalf of the Northern Ireland Executive.

The primary purpose of the AONB designation is to conserve and enhance the natural beauty of the landscape, with two secondary aims: meeting the need for quiet enjoyment of the countryside and having regard for the interests of those who live and work there. To achieve these aims, AONBs rely on planning controls and practical [[countryside management]].

As they have the same landscape quality, AONBs may be compared to the national parks of England and Wales. AONBs are created under the same legislation as the national parks, the National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949. Unlike AONBs, national parks have their own authorities, have special legal powers to prevent unsympathetic development, and are well known to many inhabitants of England, Wales and Northern Ireland. By contrast, there are very limited statutory duties imposed on local authorities within an AONB and there is evidence to indicate many residents in such areas may be unaware of the status. However, further regulation and protection of AONBs was added by the Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000, and the Government has recently stated that AONBs and national parks have equal status when it comes to planning consent and other sensitive issues.

There are 35 AONBs in England, four in Wales, one (Wye Valley) that is in both England and Wales and nine in Northern Ireland. The most recently confirmed is the Tamar Valley AONB in 1994. AONBs vary greatly in terms of size, type and use of land, whether they are partly or wholly open to the public. All English and Welsh AONBs have a dedicated AONB officer and other staff. The smallest AONB is the Isles of Scilly (1976), 16 km², and the largest AONB is the Cotswolds (1966), 2,038 km². The AONBs of England and Wales together cover around 18% of the countryside in the two countries. The National Association for AONBs is an independent organisation acting on behalf of AONBs and their partners.

There are growing concerns among environmental and countryside groups that AONB status is increasingly under threat from development. The Campaign to Protect Rural England said in July 2006 that many AONBs were under greater threat that ever before. Three particular sites were cited: the Dorset AONB threatened by a road plan, the threat of a football stadium in the Sussex Downs AONB, and, larger than any other, a £1 billion plan by Imperial College to build thousands of houses and offices on hundreds of acres of AONB land on the Kent Downs at Wye (covered in detail at save-wye.org). Imperial College have now withdrawn their plans for development, seemingly to the disappointment of both Ashford Borough and Kent County councils (September 2006).

==Scotland==
The National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949 does not cover Scotland, instead Scotland has National Scenic Areas but there are significant differences. The Scottish Parliament passed the National Parks (Scotland) Act 2000 creating two National parks of Scotland for Scotland. National Scenic Areas are designated and promoted by Scottish Natural Heritage

==Current and Proposed Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty==
''Areas marked † are proposed''
===England===
Arnside and Silverdale | Blackdown Hills | Cannock Chase |Chichester Harbour | Chilterns | Cornwall | Cotswolds | Cranborne Chase and West Wiltshire Downs | Dedham Vale | Dorset | East Devon | East Hampshire | Forest of Bowland | High Weald | Howardian Hills | Isle of Wight | Isles of Scilly | Kent Downs | Lincolnshire Wolds | Malvern Hills | Mendip Hills | Nidderdale | Norfolk Coast | North Devon Coast | North Pennines | Northumberland Coast | North Wessex Downs | Quantock Hills | Shropshire Hills | Solway Coast | South Devon | South Hampshire Coast | Suffolk Coast and Heaths | Surrey Hills | Sussex Downs | Tamar Valley

===Wales===
Anglesey | Clwydian Range | Gower | Lleyn | Wye Valley
===Northern Ireland===
Antrim Coast and Glens | Causeway Coast | Lagan Valley | Lecale Coast | Mourne | North Derry | Ring of Gullion | Sperrin | Strangford Lough | Erne Lakeland† | Fermanagh Caveland†

==Reference==
* This populated from its corresponding [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_of_Outstanding_Natural_Beauty Wikipedia article]

==External Link==
*[http://www.aonb.org.uk/wba/naaonb/ National Association for AONBs]

Ancillary use

Brandonmason — Fri, 27 Apr 2007 01:46:30 GMT

Summary:

An '''ancillary use''' is a subsidiary or secondary use or operation connected to the main use of a building or piece of land.

For example, an ancillary use may be an office supply store (retail) in an area otherwise zoned for offices.

Parkway strip

Brandonmason — Fri, 27 Apr 2007 01:39:24 GMT

Summary:

The space between a sidewalk and the curb goes by many names, which between different regions and different people. The names include:
*Boulevard
*Boulevard Strip
*Buffer
*Collector Strip
*Devil’s Strip
*Furnishing Zone
*Furniture Zone
*Government Grass
*Grass Lawn
*Greenway
*Hell Strip
*Idiot Strip
*Kill Strip
*Landscape Area
*Landscape Strip
*Lawn Extension
*Park Strip
*Parking Strip
*Parkway
*Parkway Strip
*Planter Strip
*Snow Zone
*Terrace
*The Parking
*Tree Lawn
*Utility Strip
*Verge

Infill

Brandonmason — Fri, 27 Apr 2007 01:29:29 GMT

Summary:

[[Infill]] is the construction of new facilities such as housing and/or commercial centers within existing [[urban area|urban]] or [[suburban area]]s. Infill development may range from development on vacant lots the reuse of [[underutilized]] sites, such as older [[strip mall]]s.

==See also==
*[[Greenfield]]
*[[Adaptive Reuse]]
*[[Brownfield]]

Passive solar system

Brandonmason — Fri, 27 Apr 2007 01:28:12 GMT

Summary:

A '''passive solar system''' is a system that distributes collected heat via direct transfer from a thermal mass rather than mechanical power. Passive systems rely on building design and materials to collect and store heat and to create natural ventilation for cooling.

==See also==
*[[Active solar system]]

Active solar system

Brandonmason — Fri, 27 Apr 2007 01:27:37 GMT

Summary:

An '''active solar system''' is a system that uses a mechanical device, such as pumps or fans run by electricity in addition to solar energy, to transport air or water between a solar collector and the interior of a building for heating or cooling.

==See also==
*[[Passive solar system]]

Variance

Brandonmason — Fri, 27 Apr 2007 01:25:20 GMT

Summary:

A '''variance''' is a limited waiver of development standards. The purpose is to allow flexibility through variations from development standards such as setbacks. Variances are usually changes to physical characteristics to allow for development.

Streetcar

Brandonmason — Fri, 27 Apr 2007 01:19:28 GMT

Summary:

'''Streetcars''' are relatively lightweight passenger railcars operating singly or in short trains, or on fixed rails in [[right-of-way|rights-of-way]] that are not always separated from other traffic. Streetcars do not necessarily have the right-of-way at [[grade crossings]] with other traffic. Streetcars are a type of [[tram]]. Longer trains are usually referred to as [[light rail]].

Transit-Oriented Development

Brandonmason — Fri, 27 Apr 2007 00:48:01 GMT

Summary:

'''Transit-Oriented Development''' or '''Transit-Oriented Design''' ('''TOD''') is a [[mixed-use]] community within an average one-fourth mile [[walking distance]] of a transit stop and commercial core area. The design, configuration, and mix of uses emphasize a [[pedestrian-oriented]] environment and reinforce the use of [[transit|public transportation]]. TODs mix of residential, retail, office, open space, and public uses within comfortable walking distance, makes it convenient for residents and employees to travel by transit, [[bicycle]] or foot, as well as by [[car]].

Commuter

Brandonmason — Fri, 27 Apr 2007 00:44:21 GMT

Summary:

A '''commuter''' is a person who travels regularly between home and work or school.

Collector (Highway)

Brandonmason — Fri, 27 Apr 2007 00:43:33 GMT

Summary:

The meaning of '''collector highway''' varies between [[rural area|rural]] and [[urban area|urban]] areas. In rural areas, a collector is a [[road]] that serves intracounty rather than statewide travel. In urban areas, it is a [[street]] that provides direct access to neighborhoods and [[arterial]]s.

Class 5 Road

Brandonmason — Fri, 27 Apr 2007 00:41:37 GMT

Summary: /* See also */

'''Class 5 Roads''' are unimproved roads passable only with 4 wheel drive vehicles.

==See also==
*[[Class 1 Road]]
*[[Class 2 Road]]
*[[Class 3 Road]]
*[[Class 4 Road]]

==References==
* U.S. Department of the Interior, Standards for 1:24,000 - Scale Digital Line Graphs and Quandrangle Maps (1994) ([http://rockyweb.cr.usgs.gov/nmpstds/acrodocs/qmaps/6psym701.pdf Chapter PDF])
* U.S. Federal Highway Administration, [http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/planning/glossary/glossary_listing.cfm?TitleStart=C Planning Glossary]

Class 4 Road

Brandonmason — Fri, 27 Apr 2007 00:40:56 GMT

Summary:

'''Class 4 Roads''' are unimproved roads which are generally passable only in fair weather and used mostly for local traffic. Also included are driveways, regardless of construction.

==See also==
*[[Class 1 Road]]
*[[Class 2 Road]]
*[[Class 3 Road]]
*[[Class 5 Road]]

==References==
* U.S. Department of the Interior, Standards for 1:24,000 - Scale Digital Line Graphs and Quandrangle Maps (1994) ([http://rockyweb.cr.usgs.gov/nmpstds/acrodocs/qmaps/6psym701.pdf Chapter PDF])
* U.S. Federal Highway Administration, [http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/planning/glossary/glossary_listing.cfm?TitleStart=C Planning Glossary]

Class 3 Road

Brandonmason — Fri, 27 Apr 2007 00:40:19 GMT

Summary: /* See also */

'''Class 3 Roads''' are hard surface roads not included in a higher class and improved, loose surface roads passable in all kinds of weather. These roads are adjuncts to the primary and secondary highway systems. Also included are important private roads such as main logging or industrial roads which serve as connecting links to the regular road network.

==See also==
*[[Class 1 Road]]
*[[Class 2 Road]]
*[[Class 4 Road]]
*[[Class 5 Road]]

==References==
* U.S. Department of the Interior, Standards for 1:24,000 - Scale Digital Line Graphs and Quandrangle Maps (1994) ([http://rockyweb.cr.usgs.gov/nmpstds/acrodocs/qmaps/6psym701.pdf Chapter PDF])
* U.S. Federal Highway Administration, [http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/planning/glossary/glossary_listing.cfm?TitleStart=C Planning Glossary]

Class 2 Road

Brandonmason — Fri, 27 Apr 2007 00:39:29 GMT

Summary: /* See also */

'''Class 2 Roads''' are hard surface highways including secondary State routes, primary county routes, and other highways that connect principal cities and towns, and link these places with the primary highway system.

==See also==
*[[Class 1 Road]]
*[[Class 3 Road]]
*[[Class 4 Road]]
*[[Class 5 Road]]

==References==
* U.S. Department of the Interior, Standards for 1:24,000 - Scale Digital Line Graphs and Quandrangle Maps (1994) ([http://rockyweb.cr.usgs.gov/nmpstds/acrodocs/qmaps/6psym701.pdf Chapter PDF])
* U.S. Federal Highway Administration, [http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/planning/glossary/glossary_listing.cfm?TitleStart=C Planning Glossary]

Class 1 Road

Brandonmason — Fri, 27 Apr 2007 00:38:44 GMT

Summary:

Class 1 Roads are hard surface highways including Interstate and U.S. numbered highways (including alternates), primary State routes, and all controlled access highways.

==See also==
*[[Class 2 Road]]
*[[Class 3 Road]]
*[[Class 4 Road]]
*[[Class 5 Road]]

==References==
* U.S. Department of the Interior, Standards for 1:24,000 - Scale Digital Line Graphs and Quandrangle Maps (1994) ([http://rockyweb.cr.usgs.gov/nmpstds/acrodocs/qmaps/6psym701.pdf Chapter PDF])
* U.S. Federal Highway Administration, [http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/planning/glossary/glossary_listing.cfm?TitleStart=C Planning Glossary]

Capital program funds

Brandonmason — Fri, 27 Apr 2007 00:37:14 GMT

Summary:

'''Capital Program Funds''' are financial assistance from the Capital Program of Chapter 49 of the United States Code. This program enables the Secretary of Transportation to make discretionary [[capital grant]]s and loans to finance [[transit|public transportation]] projects divided among [[fixed guideway]] (rail) modernization; construction of new fixed guideway systems and extensions to fixed guideway systems; and replacement, rehabilitation, and purchase of [[bus]]es and rented equipment, and construction of bus-related facilities.

Bus

Brandonmason — Fri, 27 Apr 2007 00:33:09 GMT

Summary:

A '''bus''' is any large motor vehicle used to carry more than 10 passengers, including school buses, intercity buses, and transit buses. Buses are often used for transit applications where population densities and business concentrations are not sufficient enough to generate ridership for light-rail lines, or where cities substituted buses for streetcars during the 20th century. Bus Rapid Transit is a mode of transportation in which buses run on a dedicated right-of-way and stop at "stations", like commuter railroads do.

Bureau of Transportation Statistics

Brandonmason — Fri, 27 Apr 2007 00:32:43 GMT

Summary:

The '''Bureau of Transportation Statistics''' ('''BTS''') is a bureau within the United States [[Department of Transportation]]. It was organized pursuant to section 6006 of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA) of 1991 (49 U.S.C. 111), and was formally established by the Secretary of Transportation on December 16, 1992. BTS has an intermodal transportation focus whose missions are to compile, analyze and make accessible information on the Nation's transportation systems; to collect information on intermodal transportation and other areas; and to enhance the quality and effectiveness of DOT's statistical programs through research, the development of guidelines, and the promotion of improvements in data acquisition and use. The programs of BTS are organized in six functional areas and are mandated by ISTEA to 1) Compile, analyze, and publish statistics 2) Develop a long-term data collection program 3) Develop guidelines to improve the credibility and effectiveness of the Department's statistics 4) Represent transportation interests in the statistical community 5) Make statistics accessible and understandable and 6) Identify data needs.

Average Passenger Trip Length

Brandonmason — Fri, 27 Apr 2007 00:30:54 GMT

Summary:

'''Average Passenger Trip Length''' is a statistic used in [[bus]] and [[rail]] [[transit]]. It is calculated by dividing revenue passenger-miles by the number of revenue passengers.